The adolescent years mark another milestone in the person's life when dramatic biological and psychological changes occur. Hormonal surges induce growth spurts and pubertal development. Bone, muscles, and genitals enlarge. Sperm production in males begin, while females start to experience ovulation and menstruation. Facial, arm pit, and pubic hair appear and coarsen. The development of sebaceous glands promote sebum secretion and acne.

Psychiatrists have also studied the many behavioral changes associated with puberty. Adolescents begin to define their roles in society, while coping with the unusual events occurring to their bodies. There are also issues dealing with evolving sexuality, peer pressure, and family. Of all age groups, depression, suicide, and accident fatalities are most prevalent among adolescents and teenagers.

The uniqueness and complexities of the health issues surrounding adolescent health have produced a medical specialty geared toward this population.